While her message did not prove to be overwhelmingly popular, Kellogg did find a constituency among the Iroquois people. For example, this direct quote spanning several sentences from Hauptman (2008) was included as-is: She attended Barnard for no more than a year and a half but made a distinct mark on her colleagues. "[22], By 1911, the national press compared Cornelius and other early leaders of the Society of American Indians to Booker T. Washington in their calls for self-help and the uplift of the "Indian race." Laura Cornelius Kellogg was known as an organizer and activist for the Native American rights; with her help, the Society of American Indians, which acronym is SAI, was found in 1911. [88] Since Kellogg's efforts in the 1920s and 1930s, litigation on Oneida claims in New York continues and several cases have been decided by the United States Supreme Court. Kellogg was an advocate for the renaissance and sovereignty of the Six Nations of the Iroquois, and fought for communal tribal lands, tribal autonomy and self-government. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Unlike many of her contemporaries on the reservation, Cornelius managed to avoid the usual educational route to distant Indian Eastern boarding schools at Carlisle and Hampton. When the school opened, it accommodated 80 students who stayed for an entire school year. COPYRIGHT 2013 University of Nebraska Press No portion of this article can be . The school was within 60 miles of her home at Seymour, Wisconsin, and provided a setting that included mostly non-Indian women. [49], Kellogg's Lolomi Plan was based the upon the Garden city movement of urban planning initiated in 1898 by Sir Ebenezer Howard in the United Kingdom. "[68] After the collapse of the Lolomi Plan, some Keetoowahs believed that Cornelius cheated them and he was dismissed as spokesman for the Ketoowah Society [69] In 1925, Cornelius was raised as a chief of the Oneida Nation of Wisconsin, and continued to reside in Gore, Oklahoma, and play a role with his sister in national Indian affairs. Thereafter, Kellogg continued to challenge the government's right to sell the property under treaty agreements. Kellogg saw the need for the Haudenosaunee people of the Six Nations of the Iroquois to reunite, institute tribal self-government, reclaim communal lands and promote economic development. She is an ancestor whose vision of self-governance and economic independence is shining for Indigenous people today. In November 1922, Kellogg attended a meeting of the Indian Welfare League in Albany, in which Assemblyman Everett was chastised by both Indian and non-Indian reformers for his report, including his actions which allegedly stirred up false hope among Indians about the land claims issue. Kellogg's reputation was not completely ruined. Laura Cornelius continued her studies at Stanford University, Barnard College, and the University of Wisconsin. "The Dawes Commission and Redbird Smith. Of Europeans, she writes kindly and with hope "Ye spring from noble warrior blood, as brave as Saxon, Roman, Greek, a race of kingly men, May your careers be as complete as the arches of your mater halls. My psychology, therefore, had not been shot to pieces by that cheap attitude of the Indian Service, whose one aim was to "civilize the race youth, by denouncing his parents, his customs, his people wholesale, and filling the vacuum they had created with their vulgar notions of what constituted civilization. 2 ratings1 review Laura Cornelius Kellogg was an eloquent and fierce voice in early twentieth century Native American affairs. Laura Cornelius Kellogg (September 10, 1880 - 1947) Laura Cornelius Kellogg is an Oneida woman who became a global Indigenous activist. [50], In short, Kellogg created the Lolomi plan in an attempt to "safeguard the Indian from the horde of white grafters now the bane of Indian existence". Instead, Laura Cornelius Kellogg saw the future of Native American education as a meeting ground between traditional knowledge and Caucasian education, including support for Indigenous students pursuing higher education. [citation needed] "No," she concluded, "I cannot see that everything the white man does is to be copied.[38]. Laura "Minnie" Cornelius Kellogg was an eloquent and fierce voice in early twentieth-century Native affairs. In The Oneida Indian Experience: Two 96 42 Laura Cornelius Kellogg: Our Democracy and the Perspectives, ed. Laura Cornelius Kellogg ("Minnie") ("Wynnogene") (September 10, 1880 1947), was an Oneida leader, author, orator, activist and visionary. She later went on to study at Stanford, Barnard College, Columbia, Cornell, and The University of Wisconsin. Kellogg was a long-time critic of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, condemning its form of Indian education and crediting her own success to her experience at Grafton Hall: I had been preserved from the spirit-breaking Indian schools. The cattle herd was taken by creditors and those who had mortgaged their allotments lost their land. After a four-year study from 1919 to 1922, the Everett Report concluded the Six Nations Iroquois were entitled to 6,000,000 acres (2,400,000ha) in New York, due to illegal dispossession after the 1784 Treaty of Fort Stanwix. This file contains additional information such as Exif metadata which may have been added by the digital camera, scanner, or software program used to create or digitize it. An organizer, author, playwright, performer, and linguist, Kellogg worked tirelessly for Wisconsin Oneida cultural self-determination when efforts to Americanize Native people reached their peak. . While Kellogg was exonerated of any financial wrongdoing, as a result of the arrest she was dismissed from the Society, "an injustice and humiliation she never forgave." More schooling than usually falls to the lot of an Indian woman and more contact with Caucasian artificiality and insincerity have graduated me into what might be called a polite Indian, and the process, I sometimes think, has taken a lot out of me.. Kellogg was also related to Elijah Skenandore, a prominent political figurehead for the Oneida in the nineteenth century, who was well known for his oratorical skills.[7]. "We believe the greatest economy in the world is to be just to all men," she wrote. I am an Indigenous man or non-Indigenous ally of Rematriation. After the 1913 Denver Conference, Kellogg was no longer listed as a member of the Society. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laura_Cornelius_Kellogg&oldid=1141618786, Members of the Society of American Indians, Columbia University School of Social Work alumni, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 25 February 2023, at 23:42. The committee selected Laura Cornelius Kellogg, filling a conspicuous gap in the Womens Rights National Historical Park, which until the installation there was little to no mention of the Haudenosaunee influence on American womens rights, nor the fact that the museum is in traditional Haudenosaunee territory and only a few miles from the Gayogoh:no (Cayuga) Nation. Forbes, "California Missions and Landmarks: El Camino Real, (1915), p.68. Kellogg's Lolomi vision is realized in the success of the Oneida Tribe of Indians of Wisconsin. The white people was scared of him all the time, watching what he was doing with the Keetoowahs. [36] In contrast to many members of the Society of American Indians, Kellogg wanted Indian children to include the wisdom of the elders and the reservation. An organizer, author, playwright, performer, and linguist, Kellogg worked tirelessly for Wisconsin Oneida cultural self-determination when efforts to Americanize Native people reached their peak. [65], In November 1918, Redbird Smith died at the age of 68. Genealogy profile for Laura Cornelius Laura Cornelius (1858 - 1940) - Genealogy Genealogy for Laura Cornelius (1858 - 1940) family tree on Geni, with over 245 million profiles of ancestors and living relatives. Kellogg's outspoken criticism and activities earned her powerful adversaries. See Joseph William Singer, "Nine-Tenths of the Law: Title, Possession and Sacred Obligations", United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, United States District Court for the Northern District of New York, "A Tribute to the Future of My Race by Laura Cornelius Kellogg - Poems | Academy of American Poets", "An Indian Woman of Many Hats: Laura Cornelius Kellogg's Embattled Search for an Indigenous Voice". [55], Later in October 1911, Kellogg presented a formal paper entitled "Industrial Organization for the Indian" at the Inaugural Conference of the Society of American Indians in Columbus, Ohio. (Pp. Kellogg was reported to have played a crucial role in persuading the Cupeo not to resist relocation to the Pala Reservation, 40 miles away. "[24], The Washington Herald published an interview with Kellogg[25] where she supported women's suffrage, emphasizing Iroquois women's equality of civic powers with the men. However, because of disagreements within the Oneida, she was unable raise the funds. In July 1914, Minnie and Chester met Redbird Smith and his delegation while in Washington, D.C.[61] Redbird Smith was the spiritual leader of the Keetoowah Nighthawk Society, a traditionalist Cherokee faction who lived in isolated communities in the Wild Horse Mountains of northeastern Oklahoma. How to say Laura Cornelius Kellogg in English? [76] Collections were also received from the Stockbridge Indians, the Brothertowns and a number of white business people in the Green Bay area. Warren Moorehead, (hereafter "Moorehead"), p.2. "Wynnogene, a real Indian princess, has gone to Washington to be the Joan of Arc for her people. Through all the world you are mighty righter of wrongs, the savior of oppressed peoples. was awful smart. She attended Grafton Hall, a private finishing school administered by the Episcopal Diocese of Fond du Lac, Wisconsin. There are old Indians who have never seen the inside of a classroom whom I consider far more educated than the young Indian with his knowledge of Latin and algebra. Oct 24, 2020 Kelly Hodgkins rated it it was amazing. Chester told the Daily Oklahoman that he wanted the Keetoowah some day to be "in a position where they can work for the common good and build up a surplus for the good of the community." 90-91.) Her intelligence, conviction and charisma made her a cultural star and media darling. A noted linguist, she spoke Oneida, Mohawk, and English fluently, studied Greek and Latin, and compiled a grammar of the Oneida language before graduating high school, an achievement that brought her national recognition. Women of color shaped the U.S. suffrage movement, framing women's right to vote as fundamental to parallel movements for racial justice and citizenship reforms. Claims come and go, clan mother keeps values. In 1892, the Oneida Indian Boarding School was built on 80 acres in Oneida, Wisconsin, with federal funds. Popularly known as "Indian Princess Wynnogene," Kellogg was the voice of the Oneidas and Haudenosaunee people in national and international forums. "[23], In 1919, Kellogg appeared before the League of Nations calling for justice for American Indians. Journals / [85] She died in New York City in 1947. [2] According to historian Laurence Hauptman, "Kellogg helped transform the modern Iroquois, not back into their ancient League, but into major actors, activists and litigants in the modern world of the 20th century Indian politics. Early newspapers dubbed Kellogg "Princess Neoskalita" and "The Indian Joan of Arc." Laura Cornelius Kellogg, Lolomi, and Modern Oneida Placemaking Ackley, Kristina. The Lolomi plan would allow the property of the tribes and individuals to be used for "education, health, and commercial development expenses".[52]. Laura Minnie Cornelius Kellogg, the granddaughter of the famous Oneida leader Daniel Bread, was born in 1880 on the Oneida reservation in Wisconsin. Kellogg continued to speak and write with an incendiary honesty about the radical divide between American democratic principles and their actual treatment of Native Americans. Laura Cornelius Kellogg was a founding member of the sai (serv- ing as the fi rst secretary of the executive committee), an activist, orator, linguist, performer, and reformer of Indian policy, as well as an author of fi ction, poetry, speeches, and essays. An orator, organizer, and an activist for Native American rights, Kellogg was also a short story writer, playwright, poet, and political essayist, though most of her books and pamphlets have not survived. All of the Iroquois reformers have been traditionalists. Catherine Faurot: A writer and researcher with Oneida ancestry who lives and works in traditional Haudenosaunee territory. But her historical erasure is also an example of the diminishment of Haudenosaunee culture, part of hundreds of years of brutal attacks on Indigenous culture. In 1927, Kellogg voiced her continued pursuit of Lolomi for the Oneidas in an article for the Syracuse Herald. We hope you enjoy it as much as we did.] Member. Laura Cornelius Kellogg (Q9033413) Native American activist Minnie Kellogg Wynnogene Laura Cornelius edit Statements instance of human 0 references image Laura Cornelius Kellogg.1.png 283 361; 99 KB 0 references sex or gender female 0 references country of citizenship United States of America 0 references birth name Laura Cornelius (English) [40] However, Kellogg differed with other reformers who wanted to abolish the Bureau of Indian Affairs. For her own people, Kellogg was a visionary who conceived of a flowering of Haudenosaunee culture through a return to tradition, not assimilation into white American culture, led by a restored and powerful Haudenosaunee Confederacy. See Andrew Bard Epstein, "Unsettled New York: Land, Law and Haudenosaunee Nationalism in the Twentieth Century, University of Georgia, (2012)]. [13], Between 1898 and 1910 Kellogg continued her education, traveling for two years in Europe and studying at Stanford University, Barnard College, the New York School of Philanthropy, Cornell University, and the University of Wisconsin. Top Laura Cornelius Kellogg Quotes This was something she would keep hidden within herself, maybe in place of the knot of pain and anger she had been carrying under her breastbone . In England, she immediately made an impression on British society and the international press. Kellogg's "Lolomi Plan" was a vision for the future of Indian reservations which drew upon the Garden city movement, the success of Mormon communities and the enthusiasm and efficiency of Progressive Era organizations. Laura Cornelius Kellogg, a member of the Oneida Nation, was a brilliant woman whose visionary intellect, charismatic oration, and incandescent style made her a 20th century It Girl who captivated the public on two continents. Though Kellogg is believed to have died in 1949, the exact date and location of her death is unknown. He was an Indian, an educated man and came from the sacred direction, east[62] During this time, Cornelius helped the Keetoowah reestablish in some way the old tribal organization of the Cherokee Nation. In a collective biography of six suffrage activists, Cahill profiles three Indigenous women: Gertrude Simmons Bonnin, Marie Louise Bottineau Baldwin, and Laura Cornelius Kellogg . Based on the committees consensus recommendation, the statue of Laura Cornelius Kellogg holds the Womens Nomination Belt, in colored bronze of purple and white, to highlight the power of women to uphold their nations in sisterhood, and to choose and depose the leadership of their nations. An organizer, author, playwright, performer, and linguist, Kellogg worked tirelessly for Wisconsin Oneida cultural self-determination when efforts to Americanize Native people reached their peak. "[21] The Syracuse Herald billed her the "Fighting Squaw of the Six Nations. "Six Nations Fight Decided in U.S. Court". Copyright 2021 Rematriation All Rights Reserved, Sign-up for our newsletter, content and community spaces, Kellogg focused on restoring traditional governance and lands for the Haudenosaunee at a time when assimilation and the breakup of reservations were generally seen as the best path for advancing Native American interests., Womens History Month Laura Cornelius Kellogg, Laura Cornelius Kellogg: Reclaiming an Indigenous Visionary, Dawn Martin-Hill: Mother, Scientist, Activist, Makasa Looking Horse: Why I took on Nestl, Indigenous Womens Voices Series | Santee Smith. The Society met at academic institutions, maintained a Washington headquarters, conducted annual conferences and published a quarterly journal of American Indian literature by American Indian authors. In 1921, a hundred Cherokees from 35 families moved together to the southeastern corner of Cherokee County, Oklahoma, to create a traditional community.[67]. ", https://getd.libs.uga.edu/pdfs/epstein_andrew_b_201212_ma.pdf. Cahill reveals a new cast of heroines largely ignored in earlier suffrage histories: Marie Louise Bottineau Baldwin, Gertrude Simmons Bonnin (Zitkala-a), Laura Cornelius Kellogg, Carrie Williams Clifford, Mabel Ping-Hua Lee, and Adelina "Nina" Luna Otero-Warren. So why has her story almost been lost? Diane Schenandoah, an Oneida sculptor, acted as consulting artist. Biography: Cathleen D. Cahill is an associate professor of History at Penn State University. 1880) found : Ancestry.com, All Biography & Genealogy Master Index, Feb. 6, 2015 (Laura Cornelius Kellogg, 1880-1947 [source: Native American Women : a biographical dictionary / edited by Gretchen M. Bataille and Laurie Lisa, 2001]; another source on BGMI says . "[3], Laura Cornelius Kellogg was born on the Oneida Indian Reservation at Green Bay, Wisconsin, one of five children of Adam Poe and Celicia Bread Cornelius. Recently a group of cultural advisors from across the Confederacy was asked to select a historical figure to represent Haudenosaunee history and female leadership in a new statue to be installed in Seneca Falls. He was a good man, but the white people were against him, and we had some bad luck. "Indian Education" was written by Laura Cornelius Kellogg in April 1913. The Oneida homeland was rich cherry-growing area and the construction of canning factory was to be source of economic development. Laura Cornelius Kellogg was an eloquent and fierce voice in early twentieth century Native American affairs. [64] In 1917, Cornelius pressed forward with the Lolomi plan. '[9], Kellogg protested that education of Indians needed to involve Native Indian traditional practices and ideologies, describing "noble qualities and traits and a set of literary traditions" that Indians should preserve. Sam Smith, one of the sons of Redbird Smith, became chief of the Nighthawk Keetoowah Society, while Cornelius continued as spokesman and legal counsel. By the 1940s, Kellogg was, according to historian Lawrence Hauptman, "a broken woman, who had outlived her time in history and dissipated both her fame and the money that had come with it." Laura Cornelius Kellogg was descended from a line of influential Oneida political leaders who had been heavily involved in planning and governing the new reservation. A.C.C. Kellogg wrote a short story for the college's literary magazine. Jack Campisi and Laurence M. 97 43 American Indian and Other Works, ed. Ye whose hearts are kind and simple, Who have faith in God and nature, Who believe that in all ages Every human heart is human, That in even savage bosoms There are longings, yearnings, strivings, For the good they comprehend not. In 1912 Laura Cornelius married Orrin Kellogg, an attorney of Seneca ancestry. Kellogg's projects were often thought to be very risky what others called "self-serving"[31] Due to this claim, both of the Kelloggs were arrested with the charges of "Pretense of Indian Agents with intent to invest Indian funds". [58] Her book was "lovingly dedicated" to the memory of Chief Redbird Smith, spiritual leader of the Nighthawk Keetoowah (Cherokee), "who preserved his people from demoralization, and was the first to accept the Lolomi.". As part of this fight for justice she worked valiantly for the return of 6 million acres of Haudenosaunee lands valued at $2 billion. As one of the founders of the Society of American Indians, Kellogg asked the leadership to make a commitment to Indian self-sufficiency and independence. Abstract. I had none of those processes of the bureaucratic mill in my tender years, to make me into a 'pinch-back white man. In 1903, Kellogg said, "Perhaps it seems strange to an outsider, for I know the ideas that prevail in regards to Indian life, but to do something great when I grew up was impressed upon me from my cradle from my parents, and I've no other ambition and I have known no other ambition." On March 1, 1929, Kellogg testified, However, Kellogg's testimony alienated most of the senators, and E. B. Merritt, Assistant Commissioner of Indian Affairs accused Kellogg of fraud and tried to launch a federal investigation. She advocated a bill introduced by Senator Harry Lane from Oregon that would abolish the Bureau of Indian Affairs and replace it with a commission, under direct control of Congress, to consist of three men selected from among five nominees chosen by a council of Indians. Nevertheless, Kellogg's rival council attempted to operate well into the late 1930s. In 1919 Laura Cornelius Kellogg traveled to Switzerland using a Haudenosaunee passport, where she demanded justice for American Indians at the League of Nations. Laura Cornelius Kellogg stood up against U.S. colonizing practices and represents our Haudenosaunee women in the fullest sense; we are women who've always had full autonomy over our minds, bodies, children, and lands, while occupying the seat of authority in our government. January 31, 1921, ONDLM. [87] During the 1920s and 1930s, every Iroquois reservation in the United States and Canada was affected by Kellogg, with many elders perceiving her as a swindler who created divisions among their people. Kellogg proposed "Cherry Garden City" for the Oneida using the lands of the Oneida Boarding School. An inspiring leader. Our Democracy: Laura Cornelius Kelloggs Decolonial-Democracy. She was a global Indigenous activist. An organizer, author, playwright, performer, and linguist, Kellogg worked tirelessly for Wisconsin Oneida cultural self-determination when efforts to Americanize Native people reached their peak. Treaties and actions by the State of New York drastically reduced the Oneida land to 32 acres (0.13km2). "[12], In 1902, early literary ambitions led to the publication of two stories "The Legend of the Bean" and "The Sacrifice of the White Dog" in a publication of the Episcopal Church Mission to the Oneidas. Like many other Indigenous leaders, her story was eclipsed by the narratives of European-Americans, and for Kellogg in particular the historical emphasis given to white feminists and anthropological perspectives of the vanishing Indian. Kellogg argued the Oneida Boarding School should continue to provide education to Oneida children and proposed a plan to use the school and grounds as an education and industrial center. At Barnard, she wrote a short story for the college's literary magazine and was mentioned in the college yearbook. [5], Kellogg was the voice of the Oneidas and the Six Nations of the Iroquois on the national and international scene. Laura Cornelius Kellogg was an eloquent and fierce voice in early twentieth century Native American affairs. The Wisconsin Oneida formed the Oneida Nation of Wisconsin and maintained ties to the Six Nations of the Iroquois in New York State. "An Indian Woman of Many Hats: Laura Cornelius Kellogg's Embattled Search for an Indigenous Voice." American Indian Quarterly 37.3/SAIL: Studies in American Indian Literatures 25.2 (Summer 2013): 87-115. Laura Cornelius Kellogg (September 10, 1880 - 1947): A leader of the Oneida Nation of Wisconsin, Laura Cornelius Kellogg is a complex figure in Native American history. While touring Europe, Kellogg developed a particular interest in the Garden city movement of urban planning in England, Germany and France, and visioned the model adapted to reservations to generate Oneida economic self-sufficiency and tribal self-governance. The eviction of the Warner Ranch Indians was reported as the crowning crime of the white men against the California Indians who had lawful title to their lands. strong resistance from local, state and federal government, and pressure on Six Nations leadership to halt Kellogg's initiative. Robert K. Thomas, "The Origin and Development of the Redbird Smith Movement", (hereinafter "Thomas"), Department of Anthropology, University of Arizona, (1954), p.182. [79] On December 23, 1928, Edward A. Everett, Kellogg's ally and chief legal counsel died. Laura M. Cornelius, "Industrial Organization for the Indian". But public awareness of Haudenosaunee culture and contributions to the American feminist movement is shifting. [89] While Kellogg never fulfilled the expectations of her followers, her Lolomi Plan was a Progressive Era alternative to Bureau of Indian Affairs control, and presaged subsequent 20th-century movements to reclaim communal lands, institute tribal self-government and promote economic development. [41], On April 34, 1911, at the invitation of Professor Fayette Avery McKenzie, six American Indian intellectuals attended a planning meeting at Ohio State University. [7] A case in point was the feuding rival councils of the Onondaga. Perhaps Kellogg came by her combative communication style from her American education, or perhaps it was a by-product of her willingness to fight for traditional values at a time when ideas about assimilation dominated Indigenous cultures. An organizer, author, playwright, performer, and linguist, Kellogg worked. Volume: c.1 (1920) [New] [Leatherbound] de Kellogg, Laura Cornelius, 1880- y una gran seleccin de libros, arte y artculos de coleccin disponible en Iberlibro.com. Kellogg lived out her remaining days on welfare. Oneida author Laura Cornelius Kellogg similarly advocated for a layered notion of citizenship in which American Indians' tribal identity would remain important. During her career, Kellogg became involved not only in the affairs of the Oneidas and Six Nations, but also those of the Blackfeet, Brothertown, Cherokee, Crow, Delaware, Huron, Osage and Stockbridge Indians. "Wherever she has gone," a London paper noted, "society has simply 'ovated' her, and were she to remain in England long, she would doubtless be the leader of the circle all her own." [43], On June 21 and 22, 1911, Kellogg hosted a meeting of the Temporary Executive Committee at her home in Seymour, Wisconsin, to draft a letter announcing the association's formation and purpose. The request was denied, evidently because the American ambassador was disinclined. The report was promptly rejected by the legislature, and Everett stripped of his chairmanship. The Society of American Indians was the forerunner of modern organizations such as the National Congress of American Indians. [54] The Indian community could resolve issues better than the white communities because of the homogeneity set forth by Lolomi plan. The Society was a forum for a new generation of American Indian leaders known as Red Progressives, prominent professionals from the fields of medicine, nursing, law, government, education, anthropology and ministry, who shared the enthusiasm and faith of Progressive Era white reformers in the inevitability of progress through education and governmental action. With these feminists of color in the foreground, Cahill recasts the suffrage . Kellogg was a founding member of the Society of American Indians, a group that pioneered twentieth-century Pan-Indianism. [14] Kellogg never finished her education at any of the aforementioned institutions but is still considered by historians to be "among the very best educated [among] Native American women" in her time. [10] California newspapers dubbed her "An Indian Heroine" and "The Indian Joan of Arc" for her conciliatory speech reported to have prevented an uprising. Kellogg explained, "All successful organization is based on likeness of kind. [68] In the post War War I depression of the early 1920s, many sound banks and businesses failed, and the circumstances appear to have been beyond Kellogg's diligence. To advance her vision, Kellogg published Our Democracy and the American Indian: A Comprehensive Presentation of the Indian Situation as It Is Today in 1920, laying out both her criticisms of contemporary treatment of Native Americans and her vision of traditional belief and governance systems being used to treat social problems. The Society pioneered twentieth century Pan-Indianism, the movement promoting unity among American Indians regardless of tribal affiliation. Laura Cornelius Kellogg was chosen because of her lifelong work to restore the Confederacy and traditional governance, as well as her efforts nationally and internationally to return sovereignty and lands to the Haudenosaunee. Critical to her vision was the reinstatement of land and she led efforts to restore land to the Haudenosaunee Confederacy as a whole, in keeping with her efforts to restore traditional social structures from the clan level to the whole Confederacy. Kristina Ackley, "Laura Cornelius Kellogg, Lolomi and Modern Oneida Placemaking", (hereinafter "Kristina Ackley"), SAIL 25.2/AIQ 37.3 Summer 2013, P. 120, Patricia Stovey, "Opportunities at Home: Laura Cornelius Kellogg and Village Industrialization", (hereinafter "Stovey"), in Laurence M. Hauptman and L. Gordon McLester III, ed.. "Indian Princess Makes Plea for Self Government". Ewen, Alexander and Jeffrey Wollock, "Kellogg, Minnie.". An Oneida woman, her visionary intellect and incandescent style made her a 20th century "It Girl".